(Laudan 1990: 321)
In particular, the list that Laudan produced is not a random sample of theories.
Throughout its history the word has had a clearly defamatory meaning (Laudan 1983, 119; Dolby 1987, 204).
The classical sceptic argument against science, repeated by Laudan (1984a), is that knowing the truth is a utopian task.
In these circumstances, the court must reject the prosecution’s hypothesis even though it is the best of alternatives (Laudan 2007).
According to Larry Laudan (1983, 121), it “has the untoward consequence of countenancing as ‘scientific’ every crank claim which makes ascertainably false assertions”.
Sometimes epistemic values are regarded as a subset of cognitive values and identified with values such as empirical adequacy and internal consistency that directly bear on the veracity of a scientific theory (Laudan 2004).
If the right standard is met—the “beyond a reasonable doubt” standard has recently been called into question (Laudan 2011)—then punishers act permissibly, even if they unwittingly punish the innocent (see also Simons 2012: 67–69).
They argue that since scientists find ways of choosing between empirically equivalent rivals, philosophers ought not to make too much of merely in-principle possibilities that are irrelevant to scientific practice (see Laudan and Leplin 1991, 1993, and Kukla 1998).
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