“Socrates” certainly applies to things.
But what about the term Socrates in propositions such as Socrates is human?
The Oracle answered “No one is wiser than Socrates.”
Is it committed to the impossibility of a Socrates who never taught?
The fact that Socrates is wise exists, if, and only if, Socrates is wise.
All these components of Socrates can be considered integral parts of Socrates.
Moreover, Socrates claims that he is not wise, and yet, if we trust the oracle, Socrates is actually wise.
Protagoras does not accept the narrow hedonism of Socrates’ premise, so it appears that the hedonism is Socrates’ own.
We can cut Socrates in half, and thereby create the top half of Socrates and the bottom half of Socrates.
If the same Socrates waking and sleeping do not partake of the same consciousness, Socrates waking and sleeping is not the same Person.
<Socrates was wise> cannot fail to be about Socrates; it determines Socrates, the same individual, in all possible contexts.
But if (1) Socrates says only the proposition that Socrates lies, and he says what is true, then it is true that Socrates lies.
But if (2) Socrates says only the proposition that Socrates lies, and he says what is false, then it is false that Socrates says what is false.
That is why he assigns Socrates the role of principal interlocutor, despite the fact that he did not intend these works to be mere re-creations of Socrates’ conversations.
Armstrong concludes that only the fact that Socrates is wise that “ties” Socrates and being wise makes it true that Socrates is wise (see Armstrong 1997: 118).
‘Socrates is risible → Socrates is a man’ is warranted by the locus from equals, and ‘Socrates is man → Socrates is an animal’ is warranted by the locus from the part (IGP I 9.2).
Since the Questioner meets Socrates in the privacy of his home, we must imagine that he is Socrates’ alter ego, and that the process referred to is the self-elenchus by which Socrates is driven to his famous disclaimer of knowledge.
The argument the laws give is elaborate, and appeals mainly to two points: an agreement they allege Socrates made to obey them by choosing to live in Athens, and the benefits they claim Socrates has received from them, which place Socrates under a stronger obligation to the laws than he has to his parents.
If Socrates doesn't exist, “Socrates is wise” (A) and its contrary “Socrates is not-wise” (E) are both automatically false (since nothing—positive or negative—can be truly affirmed of a non-existent subject), while their respective contradictories “Socrates is not wise” (O) and “Socrates is not not-wise” (I) are both true.
Perhaps the most general difference is that Aristotle did not consider verbs for being, such as einai, as ambiguous between the senses of identity (“Coriscus is Socrates”), predication (“Socrates is mortal”), existence (“Socrates is”), and subsumption (“Socrates is a man”), which in modern logic are expressed by means of different symbols or symbol combinations.
Socrates
noun person
- ancient Athenian philosopher; teacher of Plato and Xenophon (470-399 BC)
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Perhaps the most general difference is that Aristotle did not consider verbs for being such as einai as ambiguous between the senses of identity Coriscus is Socrates predication Socrates is mortal existence Socrates is and subsumption Socrates is a man which in modern logic are expressed by means of different symbols or symbol combinations