But what explains these highly stringent obligations?
The distribution of obligations could be skewed towards smaller or poorer farmers, if desired.
International law also has established a category of erga omnes (Latin: “toward all”) obligations, which apply to all states.
The obligations of confidentiality set out above shall remain in effect after the termination of this Agreement and the parties shall impose corresponding obligations on their employees and third parties involved in the performance of this Agreement.
God’s existence thus provides the best explanation of moral obligations.
Obligations of gratitude are recompensive, whereas obligations of loyalty are associative.
Obligations of loyalty presuppose an associational identification that more general institutional or membership obligations do not.
One type of voluntarist account of special obligations has become familiar from the political context: Locke’s consent theory of political obligations.
For this reason promissory obligations are often categorized as ‘special’ obligations, of a piece with the obligations owed to family and friends.
This feature makes promissory obligations a special puzzle for naturalistic ethical theories that hope to explain moral obligations without recourse to super-natural entities.
Contract, at least in its orthodox expression, is distinctive for concerning chosen, or voluntary, obligations—that is, obligations constituted by the intentions of the contracting parties.
Now we can consider how the consequentialist, or anyone who claims that special obligations are not genuinely special but only derivatively so, can turn the burden of proof back upon the defender of special obligations.
Here the general thought is that certain relationships are constituted by reciprocal obligations: one cannot be a friend or a brother without having certain friendship-obligations or sibling-obligations, respectively.
So far we have examined some contrasts between special obligations and both consequentialist duties and natural duties, and have also discussed two objections to special obligations, the voluntarist objection and the distributive objection.
“Investments in infrastructure have not been made – like IT platforms capable of complying with a bank’s anti-money-laundering and counter-terrorism financing obligations; obligations laid down in legislation, and integral to their licence conditions.”
“These obligations require Facebook to have confidentiality, privacy and security terms in their supplier contracts, and for their suppliers to convey these obligations to their employees – either through legal documents like NDAs, training, or other means.
Any such account should outline architects’ obligations to other persons, ethical standards on which such obligations may be based, how to ensure such standards might be met, and any other sorts of obligations architects might have, as for example, to historic preservation or environmental protection.
The main theoretical alternatives to the contractual view hold that marital obligations are defined by the purpose of the institution, and that spouses cannot alter these institutional obligations (much like the professional moral obligations of a doctor; to become a doctor, one must voluntarily accept the role and its obligations, but one cannot negotiate the content of these obligations).
The four conditions are: one, each member of the community sees herself as having special obligations to the other members; two, they see the obligations as owed to each of the others personally; three, these obligations are understood to flow from a concern for the well being of each of the members; and four, the obligations are understood as flowing from a plausible version of equal concern for all the members.
Those who accept the voluntarist thesis concerning special obligations take one of several approaches, including the following: (i) they limit special obligations to the straightforwardly contractual or promissory, (ii) they attempt to show that all of the special obligations that they defend really are contractual or promissory in nature, or (iii) they show that while not all special obligations are contractual, they nevertheless are similar in a relevant respect.
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Those who accept the voluntarist thesis concerning special obligations take one of several approaches including the following i they limit special obligations to the straightforwardly contractual or promissory ii they attempt to show that all of the special obligations that they defend really are contractual or promissory in nature or iii they show that while not all special obligations are contractual they nevertheless are similar in a relevant respect